Researchers should identify their research topic by reviewing existing literature, drawing from clinical or educational expertise, and discussing gaps with colleagues. They must also assess whether qualitative methods are appropriate for exploring in-depth perspectives and understanding complex phenomena and human experiences.
Identify the specific questions that the study seeks to answer. Questions should be clear and precise, identify topics of interest, and define the study population and settings.
Research aims include the broad goals of the research, while study objectives specify measurable targets that guide the research process.
In this step, researchers extensively search and review the existing literature. The main aim is to gain a thorough understanding of the current state of knowledge in the research topic, identify gaps, and refine research questions and objectives.
Define the target population of the study, including all potential participants such as patients, caregivers, survivors, and healthcare practitioners, to ensure accurate data collection.
Choosing the most suitable data collection methods is crucial and depends on the research objectives and the population of interest. Common methods include interviews, Focus group discussions (FGDs), and observations. Triangulation means generating or collecting more than one type of data, which enhances the overall quality and credibility of the study results.
Researchers should develop a data management plan detailing data storage, confidentiality procedures, and access restrictions. The plan should include tools for data storage and analysis (e.g., MAXQDA) and outline secure data transfer methods for multi-center studies.
In qualitative research, sampling aims to gather rich insights from a small group with deep knowledge of the topic. The choice of sampling strategy depends on the research question, resources, and study setting.
The main sampling strategies for qualitative studies are: purposive, snowball, convenience, and theoretical sampling.
A research proposal outlines the entire research plan, including the topic, aims, methodology, and outcomes. It seeks approval from funding agencies, ethics committees, and regulatory bodies, while serving as a roadmap to guide the project and ensure ethical and financial compliance.
Ethical approval is vital in research involving human participants. The (IRB) or Ethics Committee is critical in ensuring that the research adheres to ethical guidelines, particularly concerning participant safety and informed consent.
This is an essential step for identifying and engaging individuals whose perspectives and experiences are vital for addressing the research question. Researchers should meticulously select participants based on criteria that align with the study's objectives.
Researchers are required to obtain informed consent from participants. This procedure involves explaining the purpose of the study, potential risks and benefits, and obtaining their voluntary participation agreement. If the research involves children under the legal age, researchers are required to obtain consent from their legal guardians and gain children’s assent, according to the institutional review board guidelines at their institution.
The goal of this step is to test research tools, such as surveys, interview guides, or observation protocols, on a small subgroup of potential participants. The aim is to identify potential issues, refine the data collection methods, and ensure that the instruments effectively capture the data needed for the study.
During data collection, researchers use methods like interviews, focus groups, surveys, and observations to gather information. Before interviews, it's essential to choose a private location, test recording equipment, and build rapport with participants. Active listening, note-taking, and attention to verbal and nonverbal cues are key elements during the interviews. Interviews can also be conducted online or by phone if needed.
In focus groups, selecting a quiet, spacious setting and sending reminders to participants helps ensure attendance. Observations capture behaviors in natural settings, with comprehensive note-taking, including body language and contextual factors.
Data Saturation in qualitative research is reached when no new insights emerge from further data collection.
After data collection, researchers transcribe, anonymize data, and translate it (if required). Data is then organized, coded, and analyzed manually or using software like MAXQDA or NVivo. Coding involves labeling data to identify patterns and themes. A codebook is created either deductively (using priori codes), inductively (from the data), or using a mixed approach.
The five data analysis methods for qualitative research are: thematic, grounded theory, Content, Narrative, and Phenomenological Analysis.
Researchers compile their methodology, results, and conclusions in a research report or paper. Researchers can incorporate interview quotes or narratives to illustrate key points and support their conclusions. This report must adhere to particular formatting and citation requirements, typically aligning with the standards established by academic journals within the field.
Dissemination involves sharing the research results with the scientific community and the broader public. This can be achieved by publishing in peer-reviewed journals, presenting findings at conferences, or generating educational materials, such as guidelines or patient resources